BCI Related Facts And Questions
Facts:
1. Faster P300 responses are indicative of better cognitive performance in attentional and immediate memory task [Abiri_Borhani_Sellers_Jiang_Zhao]. Example: Keyboard
2. In addition, the SSVEP frequencies can be more reliably classified than event-related potentials [Abiri_Borhani_Sellers_Jiang_Zhao].
3. SSVEP depicts a stable characteristic of the spectral content of EEG signals. Among various EEG paradigms, SSVEP is less vulnerable to artifacts and has higher Information Transfer Rate ITR. [Abiri_Borhani_Sellers_Jiang_Zhao]
4. Power line interference can also be removed by applying a notch filter at 50 or 60 Hz, and sometimes this kind of notch filter is pre-built in some headsets. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 75]
5. Collectively, a “typical” sample in a “typical” ERP study usually consists of university students, age between 18 and 30, right-handed, having normal IQ, reading ability, and motor skills. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 54]
6. A basic assumption of cognitive psychology is that information processing relies on internal (mental) representations. The construction, storage, retrieval, and manipulation of these representations are called cognitive processes. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 45]
7. The time locked brain responses represent as either phase-locked or non-phase locked to the stimulus onset. Since they are phase-locked to the stimulus onset, they can be easily observed in the time domain after averaging across several trials known as ERPs. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 25]
8. If time locked brain responses are non phase-locked to the stimulus onset, they get invisible in time domain after averaging across several trials. These time locked brain responses are known as Event Related Oscillations EROs. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 25]
9. EROs represent the specific frequency changes of the ongoing EEG activities. EROs may appear either as a transient increase (event-related synchronization, ERS) or a transient decrease (event-related desynchronization, ERD) in synchrony of the underlying neuronal populations.
10. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) designates a short-lasting and localized amplitude attenuation of rhythms within the alpha band; event-related synchronization (ERS) describes a short-lasting amplitude enhancement. The topographical pattern of the ERD may reflect activation or excitation of cortical areas. Localized patterns or ERS probably represent inhibition of cortical areas. During a visualtask, ERD is found over occipital areas and ERS over central areas close to the electrodes C3 and C4Intrinsic rhythms within the alpha band can therefore be used to study excitation and inhibition or idling of cortical areas. [springer]
11. Error Related Negativity (ERN) is an electrical brain signal measured with an electroencephalogram. Detectible at the scalp via the event-related potential (ERP), the ERN occurs when an individual makes a behavioral error. The ERN is typically evoked with simple cognitive tasks when an individual responds incorrectly or responds when a response should be withheld. The ERN manifests as a negative deflection in the ERP at approximately 80–150 ms following error commission, time-locked to an individual’s response. The ERN is largest at central to frontal-central scalp regions. The most likely neural generator of the ERN is the anterior cingulate cortex, with converging evidence coming from fMRI (Ito, Stuphorn, Brown, & Schall, 2003), EEG source modeling (Luu, Tucker, Derryberry, Reed, & Poulsen, 2003), and brain lesion research (Stemmer, Segalowitz, Witzke, & Schönle, 2004). [springer]
12. Feedback Relared Negativity (FRN) is an electrical brain signal measured with an electroencephalogram. Detectable at the scalp via the event-related potential (ERP), the FRN occurs when an individual receives external feedback (visual, auditory) indicating that performance is worse than expected in a given context. Such contexts include monetary loss and feedback about performance in simple games. The FRN occurs approximately 250 ms after feedback and is typically observed at central to frontal-central scalp regions. The most likely neural generator of the FRN is the anterior cingulate cortex (Gehring & Willoughby, 2002; Luu, Tucker, Derryberry, Reed, & Poulsen, 2003). [springer]
13. Classical spatial filtering methods such as Surface Laplacian, Common Average Reference, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) and others
14. Eigen Values
Questions:
1. What remains after P300 Evoked Potential dies down? Can we call the remains as SSVEP?
1. Faster P300 responses are indicative of better cognitive performance in attentional and immediate memory task [Abiri_Borhani_Sellers_Jiang_Zhao]. Example: Keyboard
2. In addition, the SSVEP frequencies can be more reliably classified than event-related potentials [Abiri_Borhani_Sellers_Jiang_Zhao].
3. SSVEP depicts a stable characteristic of the spectral content of EEG signals. Among various EEG paradigms, SSVEP is less vulnerable to artifacts and has higher Information Transfer Rate ITR. [Abiri_Borhani_Sellers_Jiang_Zhao]
4. Power line interference can also be removed by applying a notch filter at 50 or 60 Hz, and sometimes this kind of notch filter is pre-built in some headsets. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 75]
5. Collectively, a “typical” sample in a “typical” ERP study usually consists of university students, age between 18 and 30, right-handed, having normal IQ, reading ability, and motor skills. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 54]
6. A basic assumption of cognitive psychology is that information processing relies on internal (mental) representations. The construction, storage, retrieval, and manipulation of these representations are called cognitive processes. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 45]
7. The time locked brain responses represent as either phase-locked or non-phase locked to the stimulus onset. Since they are phase-locked to the stimulus onset, they can be easily observed in the time domain after averaging across several trials known as ERPs. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 25]
8. If time locked brain responses are non phase-locked to the stimulus onset, they get invisible in time domain after averaging across several trials. These time locked brain responses are known as Event Related Oscillations EROs. [EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Page 25]
9. EROs represent the specific frequency changes of the ongoing EEG activities. EROs may appear either as a transient increase (event-related synchronization, ERS) or a transient decrease (event-related desynchronization, ERD) in synchrony of the underlying neuronal populations.
10. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) designates a short-lasting and localized amplitude attenuation of rhythms within the alpha band; event-related synchronization (ERS) describes a short-lasting amplitude enhancement. The topographical pattern of the ERD may reflect activation or excitation of cortical areas. Localized patterns or ERS probably represent inhibition of cortical areas. During a visualtask, ERD is found over occipital areas and ERS over central areas close to the electrodes C3 and C4Intrinsic rhythms within the alpha band can therefore be used to study excitation and inhibition or idling of cortical areas. [springer]
11. Error Related Negativity (ERN) is an electrical brain signal measured with an electroencephalogram. Detectible at the scalp via the event-related potential (ERP), the ERN occurs when an individual makes a behavioral error. The ERN is typically evoked with simple cognitive tasks when an individual responds incorrectly or responds when a response should be withheld. The ERN manifests as a negative deflection in the ERP at approximately 80–150 ms following error commission, time-locked to an individual’s response. The ERN is largest at central to frontal-central scalp regions. The most likely neural generator of the ERN is the anterior cingulate cortex, with converging evidence coming from fMRI (Ito, Stuphorn, Brown, & Schall, 2003), EEG source modeling (Luu, Tucker, Derryberry, Reed, & Poulsen, 2003), and brain lesion research (Stemmer, Segalowitz, Witzke, & Schönle, 2004). [springer]
12. Feedback Relared Negativity (FRN) is an electrical brain signal measured with an electroencephalogram. Detectable at the scalp via the event-related potential (ERP), the FRN occurs when an individual receives external feedback (visual, auditory) indicating that performance is worse than expected in a given context. Such contexts include monetary loss and feedback about performance in simple games. The FRN occurs approximately 250 ms after feedback and is typically observed at central to frontal-central scalp regions. The most likely neural generator of the FRN is the anterior cingulate cortex (Gehring & Willoughby, 2002; Luu, Tucker, Derryberry, Reed, & Poulsen, 2003). [springer]
13. Classical spatial filtering methods such as Surface Laplacian, Common Average Reference, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) and others
14. Eigen Values
Questions:
1. What remains after P300 Evoked Potential dies down? Can we call the remains as SSVEP?
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